| Consonant | IAST | Approx. Sound | IPA (without schwa) |
|---|
| क | k(a) | alcohol | k |
| ख | kh(a) | Khalifa | kʰ |
| ग | g(a) | gun | g |
| घ | gh(a) | Ghana | ɡʱ |
| ङ | ṅ(a) | sing | ŋ |
| च | c(a) | cats | ts |
| छ | ch(a) | cats (with more aspiration) | tsʰ |
| ज | j(a) | jug | dz |
| झ | jh(a) | jug (with more aspiration) | dzʱ |
| ञ | ñ(a) | canyon | ɲ |
| ट | ṭ(a) | master | ʈ |
| ठ | ṭh(a) | Thomas | ʈʰ |
| ड | ḍ(a) | dog | ɖ |
| ढ | ḍh(a) | dog (with more aspiration) | ɖʱ |
| ण | ṇ(a) | panda | ɳ |
| त | t(a) | like the Spanish ’t’ | t̪ |
| थ | th(a) | thunder | t̪ʰ |
| द | d(a) | the (rhymes with uh) | d̪ |
| ध | dh(a) | the (with more aspiration) | d̪ʱ |
| न | n(a) | nun | n |
| प | p(a) | spun | p |
| फ | ph(a) | fun | pʰ |
| ब | b(a) | bun | b |
| भ | bh(a) | vault | bʱ |
| म | m(a) | mall | m |
| य | y(a) | yawn | j |
| र | r(a) | run | ɾ |
| ल | l(a) | lawn | l |
| व | w(a)/v(a) | want | w |
| श | ś(a) | shawl | ʃ |
| ष | ṣ(a) | shawl | ʃ/s |
| स | s(a) | sun | s |
| ह | h(a) | hum | ɦ |